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Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Metal: Overview; 1: Use of Metals in Our Society; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 What Are Metals?; 1.3 Economic Impact of Metals; 1.4 Alloys; 1.5 Corrosion; 1.6 Origin, Occurrence, Extraction and Refining of Metals; 1.7 Selecting a Material for a Product; 1.8 Manufacturing with Metals; 1.9 Recycling; 1.10 Metals, Health and Allergies; 1.11 Applications of Metals Today; 1.11.1 Aluminium; 1.11.2 Beryllium; 1.11.3 Chromium; 1.11.4 Cobalt; 1.11.5 Copper; 1.11.6 Gold; 1.11.7 Iron and Steel; 1.11.8 Lead; 1.11.9 Mercury

1.11.10 Molybdenum1.11.11 Nickel; 1.11.12 Palladium; 1.11.13 Platinum; 1.11.14 Tin; 1.11.15 Titanium; 1.11.16 Zinc; 1.12 Summary; References; Further Information; 2: Metals and Corrosion; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Thermodynamic Considerations; 2.3 Electrochemical Studies of Corrosion Kinetics; 2.4 Summary; References; 3: European Standards Developed in Support of the European Union Nickel Directive; 3.1 Nickel Directive; 3.2 EN 12472; 3.3 EN 1810; 3.4 EN 1811; 3.5 CR 12471; References; 4: Chromate Testing in Leather: EN ISO 17075

4.1 Chromium in Leather Articles: Allergenic Potential4.2 Legal Regulation of Chromium(VI) in Leather Articles; 4.3 Treatment of Leathers or Leather Articles with Reducing Agents for the Elimination of Chromium(VI); 4.4 Methods for the Measurement of Chromium in Leather; 4.4.1 Determination of Chromium(VI) Content According to EN ISO 17075; 4.4.1.1 Photometry; 4.4.1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography; 4.4.2 Spot Test; 4.4.3 Determination of Recovery Rate According to EN ISO 17075: Influence of Leather Matrix; 4.4.4 Determination of Chromium(VI) Content: Aging

4.4.5 Determination of Soluble Total Chromium(III) Content According to EN ISO 17072-14.4.6 Determination of Chromium(III) Content After Total Digestion According to EN ISO 17072-02 to Classify a Leather as "Chrome Tanned" or "Chrome-Free Tanned"; 4.4.6.1 "Chrome-Tanned," "Chrome- Free- Tanned," or "Chrome- Free" Leather; 4.5 Correlations Between the Different Test Parameters for Chromium in Leather; 4.6 Prevention of Chromium(VI) in Leather and Leather Articles; References; 5: Metal Exposure Regulations and Their Effect on Allergy Prevention; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Nickel

5.2.1 Background5.2.2 The Regulations; 5.2.3 Evidence of Effectiveness; 5.2.4 Scope for Improvement; 5.2.5 Outstanding Questions; 5.3 Chromium; 5.3.1 Background; 5.3.2 The Regulations; 5.3.3 Evidence of Effectiveness; 5.3.4 Scope for Improvement; 5.3.5 Outstanding Questions; 5.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Part II: Metals, Skin, and the Immune System; 6: Deposition of Metals on the Skin and Quantification of Skin Exposure; 6.1 Metals on the Skin; 6.1.1 Exposure; 6.1.1.1 Material Properties; 6.1.1.2 Form of Metal; 6.1.1.3 Duration and Frequency

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