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Intro; Acknowledgement; Disclaimer; Contents; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Restraining and Samplings; 1.1.1 Restraint Techniques; 1.1.2 Blood Sampling; 1.1.3 Urine Sampling; 1.1.4 Milk Sampling; 1.1.5 Fecal Sampling; 1.1.6 Liver Biopsy; 1.1.7 Hump Biopsy; 1.1.8 Other Biological Substrates; 1.2 The Rules for Convenient Interpretation; References; Chapter 2: Hematology; 2.1 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes); 2.1.1 Properties of Red Blood Cells of the Dromedary; 2.1.1.1 Shape, Structure, and Dimensions; 2.1.1.2 Osmotic Fragility; 2.1.1.3 Life Span of the Camel Erythrocytes
2.1.2 Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)2.1.2.1 Seasonal, Age, and Sex Effect; 2.1.2.2 Effect of Effort; 2.1.2.3 Seasonal Effect; 2.1.2.4 Parasitism Effect; 2.1.3 Hematocrit: Pack Cell Volume (PCV); 2.1.4 Hemoglobin; 2.1.5 Erythrocyte Indices of Wintrobe; 2.2 White Blood Cells; 2.2.1 Numeration and Leukocyte Formula; 2.2.1.1 Leukocyte Numeration (White Blood Cells: WBC); 2.2.1.2 Leukocyte Formula; 2.3 Other Hematological Parameters; 2.3.1 Blood Mass and Volume; 2.3.2 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR); 2.3.3 Blood Density; 2.3.4 Platelets and Clotting Time; 2.3.5 Osmolality
2.4 The Effect of Dehydration on Hematological Parameters2.4.1 Effect on RBC and Hemoglobin Rate; 2.4.2 Effect on Hematocrit; 2.4.3 Effect on Erythrocyte Index of Wintrobe; 2.4.4 Effect on the Leukocyte Count; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Energetic Parameters; 3.1 Regulation of the Energetic Metabolism; 3.2 Energetic Blood Parameters; 3.2.1 Glucose; 3.2.1.1 Normal Values; 3.2.1.2 Effect of Physiological Factors; Age Effect; Sex Effect; Pregnancy-Lactation Effect; Season Effect; Dehydration and Fasting; Physical Exercise; Castration; 3.2.1.3 Effect of Pathological Factors
3.2.1.4 Glucose in Other Substrates3.2.2 Ketone Bodies; 3.2.3 Plasma Lipids; 3.2.3.1 Cholesterol; Seasonal Variation: The Effect of Rutting Period; Feeding Effect; Breed Effect; Effect of Diseases; Cholesterol in Milk; Cholesterol in Other Substrates; 3.2.3.2 Triglycerides (TG); Physiological Variations; Feeding Effect; Seasonal Variation; Breed Effect; Effect of Health Disorders; Triglycerides in Other Substrates; 3.2.3.3 Free Fatty Acids or Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA); References in the Literature; Fasting Effect; Water Deprivation Effect; Exercise Effect; 3.2.3.4 Phospholipids
3.2.3.5 Total Lipids3.3 Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Nitrogen and Protein Parameters; 4.1 Nonprotein Nitrogen; 4.1.1 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN); 4.1.1.1 Normal Values of Uremia; 4.1.1.2 Physiological Factors of Variation; Hyperuremia; Hypouremia; Sex Effect; Age Effect; Pregnancy Effect; Breed Effect; 4.1.1.3 Effect of the Diet and Dehydration; 4.1.1.4 Disease Effect; 4.1.1.5 Urea in Milk; 4.1.1.6 Urea in Other Substrates; 4.1.2 Uric Acid; 4.1.3 Creatinine; 4.1.3.1 Normal Values; 4.1.3.2 Physiological Variability; 4.1.3.3 Water Restriction Effect; 4.1.3.4 Disease Effect
2.1.2 Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)2.1.2.1 Seasonal, Age, and Sex Effect; 2.1.2.2 Effect of Effort; 2.1.2.3 Seasonal Effect; 2.1.2.4 Parasitism Effect; 2.1.3 Hematocrit: Pack Cell Volume (PCV); 2.1.4 Hemoglobin; 2.1.5 Erythrocyte Indices of Wintrobe; 2.2 White Blood Cells; 2.2.1 Numeration and Leukocyte Formula; 2.2.1.1 Leukocyte Numeration (White Blood Cells: WBC); 2.2.1.2 Leukocyte Formula; 2.3 Other Hematological Parameters; 2.3.1 Blood Mass and Volume; 2.3.2 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR); 2.3.3 Blood Density; 2.3.4 Platelets and Clotting Time; 2.3.5 Osmolality
2.4 The Effect of Dehydration on Hematological Parameters2.4.1 Effect on RBC and Hemoglobin Rate; 2.4.2 Effect on Hematocrit; 2.4.3 Effect on Erythrocyte Index of Wintrobe; 2.4.4 Effect on the Leukocyte Count; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Energetic Parameters; 3.1 Regulation of the Energetic Metabolism; 3.2 Energetic Blood Parameters; 3.2.1 Glucose; 3.2.1.1 Normal Values; 3.2.1.2 Effect of Physiological Factors; Age Effect; Sex Effect; Pregnancy-Lactation Effect; Season Effect; Dehydration and Fasting; Physical Exercise; Castration; 3.2.1.3 Effect of Pathological Factors
3.2.1.4 Glucose in Other Substrates3.2.2 Ketone Bodies; 3.2.3 Plasma Lipids; 3.2.3.1 Cholesterol; Seasonal Variation: The Effect of Rutting Period; Feeding Effect; Breed Effect; Effect of Diseases; Cholesterol in Milk; Cholesterol in Other Substrates; 3.2.3.2 Triglycerides (TG); Physiological Variations; Feeding Effect; Seasonal Variation; Breed Effect; Effect of Health Disorders; Triglycerides in Other Substrates; 3.2.3.3 Free Fatty Acids or Non-esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA); References in the Literature; Fasting Effect; Water Deprivation Effect; Exercise Effect; 3.2.3.4 Phospholipids
3.2.3.5 Total Lipids3.3 Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Nitrogen and Protein Parameters; 4.1 Nonprotein Nitrogen; 4.1.1 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN); 4.1.1.1 Normal Values of Uremia; 4.1.1.2 Physiological Factors of Variation; Hyperuremia; Hypouremia; Sex Effect; Age Effect; Pregnancy Effect; Breed Effect; 4.1.1.3 Effect of the Diet and Dehydration; 4.1.1.4 Disease Effect; 4.1.1.5 Urea in Milk; 4.1.1.6 Urea in Other Substrates; 4.1.2 Uric Acid; 4.1.3 Creatinine; 4.1.3.1 Normal Values; 4.1.3.2 Physiological Variability; 4.1.3.3 Water Restriction Effect; 4.1.3.4 Disease Effect