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Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1 History of Evidence-Based Surgery (EBS); References; 2 The Steps of Practicing Evidence-Based Surgery (EBS); References; 3 Developing a Surgical Clinical Research Question: To Find the Answer in Literature Search or in Pursuing Clinical Research; The FINER Criteria; Feasible; Interesting; Novel; Ethical; Relevant; The PICOT Format; Patient or Population; Intervention; Comparative Intervention or Control; Outcome; Time Horizon; References; 4 Finding the Evidence Through Searching the Literature; Introduction; Clinical Scenario; Clinical Question
Importance of the QuestionDeveloping a Search Strategy; Identifying Concepts; Identifying Search Terms; Controlled Vocabulary; Boolean Operators; Creating a Search Strategy; Simple Search Strategy (i.e., Basic); Complex Search Strategy (i.e., Advanced); Limits and Search Filters; Choosing Appropriate Resources; Pyramid of EBM Resources; 6S Pyramid; Other Resources; Keeping Current; Resolution of the Clinical Scenario; Conclusion; References; 5 Hierarchy of Evidence in Surgical Research; Introduction; Levels of Evidence for Therapeutic Research; Clinical Example
Levels of Evidence for Diagnostic ResearchClinical Example; Levels of Evidence for Prognostic Research; Clinical Example; Levels of Evidence for Economic Research; Clinical Example; Summary; Concluding Remarks; Appendix 1: Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence [3]; References; 6 Evaluating Surgical Interventions; Clinical Scenario; Search Strategy; Appraisal of an Article: Are the Results Valid?; Was Patient Assignment Randomized, and was the Randomization Process "Concealed"?
Were Study Personnel "Blinded" to Treatment and Apart from the Experimental Intervention, Were the Groups Treated Equally?Were All Patients Who Entered the Trial Accounted for and Was Follow-up Adequate?; Were Patients Analyzed According to the "Intention to Treat" Principle?; Was the Study Large Enough to Detect a Difference?; What Are the Results?; What Outcomes Were Used and How Were They Measured?; Binary Versus Continuous Outcomes; Univariate Testing: Univariable and Multivariable Analyses; Multivariable Regression Results: Odds Ratios (OR) and Risk Ratios (RR)
How Large Was the Treatment Effect?How Precise was the Estimate of the Treatment Effect?; Are the Results Applicable to My Patients?; Were the Study Patients Similar to My Patients?; Were the Measured Outcomes Clinically Relevant?; Are My Surgical Skills Similar to Those of the Study Surgeons?; Resolution of the Clinical Scenario; References; 7 A Primer on Outcome Measures for Surgical Interventions; Clinical Scenario; Information on Outcome Measures; Choosing the Proper Outcome Measure; How Can I Know if I Can Trust the Score?; How Can I Interpret the Score in Clinical Practice?
Importance of the QuestionDeveloping a Search Strategy; Identifying Concepts; Identifying Search Terms; Controlled Vocabulary; Boolean Operators; Creating a Search Strategy; Simple Search Strategy (i.e., Basic); Complex Search Strategy (i.e., Advanced); Limits and Search Filters; Choosing Appropriate Resources; Pyramid of EBM Resources; 6S Pyramid; Other Resources; Keeping Current; Resolution of the Clinical Scenario; Conclusion; References; 5 Hierarchy of Evidence in Surgical Research; Introduction; Levels of Evidence for Therapeutic Research; Clinical Example
Levels of Evidence for Diagnostic ResearchClinical Example; Levels of Evidence for Prognostic Research; Clinical Example; Levels of Evidence for Economic Research; Clinical Example; Summary; Concluding Remarks; Appendix 1: Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence [3]; References; 6 Evaluating Surgical Interventions; Clinical Scenario; Search Strategy; Appraisal of an Article: Are the Results Valid?; Was Patient Assignment Randomized, and was the Randomization Process "Concealed"?
Were Study Personnel "Blinded" to Treatment and Apart from the Experimental Intervention, Were the Groups Treated Equally?Were All Patients Who Entered the Trial Accounted for and Was Follow-up Adequate?; Were Patients Analyzed According to the "Intention to Treat" Principle?; Was the Study Large Enough to Detect a Difference?; What Are the Results?; What Outcomes Were Used and How Were They Measured?; Binary Versus Continuous Outcomes; Univariate Testing: Univariable and Multivariable Analyses; Multivariable Regression Results: Odds Ratios (OR) and Risk Ratios (RR)
How Large Was the Treatment Effect?How Precise was the Estimate of the Treatment Effect?; Are the Results Applicable to My Patients?; Were the Study Patients Similar to My Patients?; Were the Measured Outcomes Clinically Relevant?; Are My Surgical Skills Similar to Those of the Study Surgeons?; Resolution of the Clinical Scenario; References; 7 A Primer on Outcome Measures for Surgical Interventions; Clinical Scenario; Information on Outcome Measures; Choosing the Proper Outcome Measure; How Can I Know if I Can Trust the Score?; How Can I Interpret the Score in Clinical Practice?