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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors; Part I: Isolation and Purification of Lignocellulose Components; Chapter 1: Isolation, Purification, and Potential Applications of Xylan; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Structure of Xylan; 1.2.1 Homoxylan; 1.2.2 Arabinoxylan (AX); 1.2.3 Glucuronoxylan (GX); 1.2.4 Arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) and Glucuroarabinoxylan (GAX); 1.3 Isolation of Xylan; 1.3.1 Alkali Isolation; 1.3.2 Organic Solvent Isolation; 1.3.3 Steam Explosion; 1.3.4 Hydrothermal (Autohydrolysis); 1.3.5 Microwave Irradiation; 1.3.6 Ultrasonic Treatment
1.3.7 Subcritical or Supercritical Fluids1.3.8 Ionic Liquid Extraction; 1.3.9 Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction; 1.3.10 Twin-Screw Extruder; 1.4 Purification of Xylan; 1.4.1 Ethanol Precipitation; 1.4.2 Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation; 1.4.3 Iodide Complex Precipitation; 1.4.4 Column Chromatography; 1.4.5 Membrane Separation; 1.4.6 Supercritical Anti-solvent Precipitation; 1.5 Chemical Modification of Xylan; 1.5.1 Esterification; 1.5.2 Etherification; 1.5.3 Oxidization; 1.5.4 Other Chemical Modifications; 1.6 Potential Applications of Xylan-Based Materials and Chemicals; 1.6.1 Polymeric Films
1.6.2 Hydrogels1.6.3 Nanoparticles; 1.6.4 Bioconversion and Chemicals; 1.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook; References; Part II: Composite Polymers Derived from Lignin and Cellulose; Chapter 2: Development of Lignin-Based Antioxidants for Polymers; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Polymers and Stabilization of Polymers; 2.1.2 Lignin from Natural Sources; 2.1.3 Lignin from Industrial Sources; 2.1.4 Applications of Lignins in Polymer Blends; 2.2 Lignin as an Antioxidant; 2.2.1 Lignin as a Radical Scavenger; 2.2.2 Application of Lignins as Antioxidants in Polyolefins
2.3 Lignin Modification and Applications of Modified Lignins as Antioxidant in Polyolefins2.3.1 Lignin Modification Techniques; 2.3.2 Application of De-polymerized Lignin as an Antioxidant in Polyolefins; 2.3.2.1 Low-T/Low-P Lignin De-polymerization Process and Materials Characterization; 2.3.2.2 Performance of De-polymerized Kraft Lignin or De-polymerized Hydrolysis Lignin as an Antioxidant in Polyolefins; 2.4 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Nanocellulose Applications in Papermaking; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Nanocellulose; 3.3 Use of Nanocelluloses in the Wet-End of Papermaking
3.3.1 Motivations to Add Nanocelluloses to the Papermaking Furnish3.3.2 Challenges Associated with Use of MNFC in the Paper Machine; 3.3.3 Apparent Density vs. MNFC Content of Paper; 3.3.4 Strength Properties vs. MNFC Content of Paper; 3.3.5 Permeability Properties vs. MNFC Content of Paper; 3.3.6 Methods to Address Dewatering Challenges Associated with MNFC and CNC Usage; 3.3.7 Methods to Monitor Retention Efficiency of MNFC; 3.3.8 Possible Mechanism of Densification by MNFC; 3.4 Nanocellulose Usage with Mineral Fillers in Papermaking; 3.4.1 Mineral Fillers
1.3.7 Subcritical or Supercritical Fluids1.3.8 Ionic Liquid Extraction; 1.3.9 Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction; 1.3.10 Twin-Screw Extruder; 1.4 Purification of Xylan; 1.4.1 Ethanol Precipitation; 1.4.2 Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation; 1.4.3 Iodide Complex Precipitation; 1.4.4 Column Chromatography; 1.4.5 Membrane Separation; 1.4.6 Supercritical Anti-solvent Precipitation; 1.5 Chemical Modification of Xylan; 1.5.1 Esterification; 1.5.2 Etherification; 1.5.3 Oxidization; 1.5.4 Other Chemical Modifications; 1.6 Potential Applications of Xylan-Based Materials and Chemicals; 1.6.1 Polymeric Films
1.6.2 Hydrogels1.6.3 Nanoparticles; 1.6.4 Bioconversion and Chemicals; 1.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook; References; Part II: Composite Polymers Derived from Lignin and Cellulose; Chapter 2: Development of Lignin-Based Antioxidants for Polymers; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Polymers and Stabilization of Polymers; 2.1.2 Lignin from Natural Sources; 2.1.3 Lignin from Industrial Sources; 2.1.4 Applications of Lignins in Polymer Blends; 2.2 Lignin as an Antioxidant; 2.2.1 Lignin as a Radical Scavenger; 2.2.2 Application of Lignins as Antioxidants in Polyolefins
2.3 Lignin Modification and Applications of Modified Lignins as Antioxidant in Polyolefins2.3.1 Lignin Modification Techniques; 2.3.2 Application of De-polymerized Lignin as an Antioxidant in Polyolefins; 2.3.2.1 Low-T/Low-P Lignin De-polymerization Process and Materials Characterization; 2.3.2.2 Performance of De-polymerized Kraft Lignin or De-polymerized Hydrolysis Lignin as an Antioxidant in Polyolefins; 2.4 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Nanocellulose Applications in Papermaking; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Nanocellulose; 3.3 Use of Nanocelluloses in the Wet-End of Papermaking
3.3.1 Motivations to Add Nanocelluloses to the Papermaking Furnish3.3.2 Challenges Associated with Use of MNFC in the Paper Machine; 3.3.3 Apparent Density vs. MNFC Content of Paper; 3.3.4 Strength Properties vs. MNFC Content of Paper; 3.3.5 Permeability Properties vs. MNFC Content of Paper; 3.3.6 Methods to Address Dewatering Challenges Associated with MNFC and CNC Usage; 3.3.7 Methods to Monitor Retention Efficiency of MNFC; 3.3.8 Possible Mechanism of Densification by MNFC; 3.4 Nanocellulose Usage with Mineral Fillers in Papermaking; 3.4.1 Mineral Fillers