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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface: Macrotask Crowdsourcing for Advancing the Crowd's Potential; Part I: Coordination and Cooperation; Part II: The Role of AI and Experts; Part III: Macrotasking for Social Good; Contents; 1 Macrotask Crowdsourcing: An Integrated Definition; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 On the Nature of the Problem; 1.2.1 Macrotask Type 1 (Modular): Well-Structured, High-Decomposability Problems; 1.2.2 Macrotask Type 2 (Interlaced): Well-Structured, Low-Decomposability Problems; 1.2.3 Macrotask Type 3 (Wicked): Ill-Structured, Low-Decomposability Problems
1.2.4 Macrotask Type 4 (Container): Ill-Structured, High-Decomposability Problems1.3 On the Nature of Skills; 1.4 On the Nature of Management; 1.5 Macrotask Crowdsourcing Definition; 1.6 Conclusion; References; Part I Coordination and Cooperation; 2 Crowdsourcing Coordination: A Review and Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Coordination Used for Macro-tasks; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Background; 2.2.1 Coordination in Micro-tasking Versus Macro-tasking in Crowdsourcing; 2.2.2 Theories of Coordination; 2.3 Recent Studies on Coordination in Macro-tasking Crowdsourcing; 2.3.1 Search Methods
2.3.2 Approaches Used to Coordinate Crowdsourcing Macro-tasks2.3.3 Coordination Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing Macro-tasks; 2.3.4 Summary; 2.4 Agenda for Future Research; 2.4.1 Stigmergic Coordination; 2.4.2 Relational Coordination; 2.4.3 Limitations; 2.5 Conclusions; References; 3 Crowdsourcing Controls: A Review and Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Controls Used for Macro-tasks; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Background; 3.2.1 Micro-tasking Versus Macro-tasking Controls; 3.2.2 Control Theory in the Organizational Behavior/Science Literature; 3.2.3 Formality of Controls; 3.2.4 Control Systems
3.2.5 Control Focus3.2.6 Control Source; 3.2.7 Control Unit of Analysis; 3.3 Scoping Literature Review; 3.3.1 Literature Review Search; 3.3.2 Publication Venues; 3.3.3 Sources of Control; 3.3.4 Macro Versus Micro; 3.3.5 Level of Analysis; 3.3.6 Control Type; 3.3.7 Formality; 3.3.8 Major Findings; 3.4 Recommendations for Future Research; 3.4.1 DE-CoRe Control Framework; 3.5 Formal Controls Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Macro-tasking; 3.6 Informal Controls Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Macro-tasks; 3.7 Future Research and Limitations; 3.7.1 Meta-control Theory
3.7.2 Temporal Effects on Control3.7.3 Artificial Intelligence Control Systems; 3.8 Conclusions; Appendix 1; References; 4 Addressing Cooperation Issues in Situated Crowdsourcing; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Related Work; 4.2.1 Cooperation in Crowdsourcing; 4.2.2 Situated Technologies and Their Use for Crowdsourcing; 4.3 Case Studies; 4.3.1 Case Study 1 (C1): Crowdsourcing Malaria Detection; 4.3.2 Case Study 2 (C2): Crowdsourcing Public Opinion; 4.3.3 Case Study 3 (C3): Situated Crowdsourcing Market; 4.3.4 Summary of Identified Issues; 4.4 Proposed Design; 4.4.1 Interview Procedure and Method
1.2.4 Macrotask Type 4 (Container): Ill-Structured, High-Decomposability Problems1.3 On the Nature of Skills; 1.4 On the Nature of Management; 1.5 Macrotask Crowdsourcing Definition; 1.6 Conclusion; References; Part I Coordination and Cooperation; 2 Crowdsourcing Coordination: A Review and Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Coordination Used for Macro-tasks; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Background; 2.2.1 Coordination in Micro-tasking Versus Macro-tasking in Crowdsourcing; 2.2.2 Theories of Coordination; 2.3 Recent Studies on Coordination in Macro-tasking Crowdsourcing; 2.3.1 Search Methods
2.3.2 Approaches Used to Coordinate Crowdsourcing Macro-tasks2.3.3 Coordination Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing Macro-tasks; 2.3.4 Summary; 2.4 Agenda for Future Research; 2.4.1 Stigmergic Coordination; 2.4.2 Relational Coordination; 2.4.3 Limitations; 2.5 Conclusions; References; 3 Crowdsourcing Controls: A Review and Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Controls Used for Macro-tasks; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Background; 3.2.1 Micro-tasking Versus Macro-tasking Controls; 3.2.2 Control Theory in the Organizational Behavior/Science Literature; 3.2.3 Formality of Controls; 3.2.4 Control Systems
3.2.5 Control Focus3.2.6 Control Source; 3.2.7 Control Unit of Analysis; 3.3 Scoping Literature Review; 3.3.1 Literature Review Search; 3.3.2 Publication Venues; 3.3.3 Sources of Control; 3.3.4 Macro Versus Micro; 3.3.5 Level of Analysis; 3.3.6 Control Type; 3.3.7 Formality; 3.3.8 Major Findings; 3.4 Recommendations for Future Research; 3.4.1 DE-CoRe Control Framework; 3.5 Formal Controls Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Macro-tasking; 3.6 Informal Controls Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Macro-tasks; 3.7 Future Research and Limitations; 3.7.1 Meta-control Theory
3.7.2 Temporal Effects on Control3.7.3 Artificial Intelligence Control Systems; 3.8 Conclusions; Appendix 1; References; 4 Addressing Cooperation Issues in Situated Crowdsourcing; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Related Work; 4.2.1 Cooperation in Crowdsourcing; 4.2.2 Situated Technologies and Their Use for Crowdsourcing; 4.3 Case Studies; 4.3.1 Case Study 1 (C1): Crowdsourcing Malaria Detection; 4.3.2 Case Study 2 (C2): Crowdsourcing Public Opinion; 4.3.3 Case Study 3 (C3): Situated Crowdsourcing Market; 4.3.4 Summary of Identified Issues; 4.4 Proposed Design; 4.4.1 Interview Procedure and Method